Permafrost Day
It is a new day with the same predicament; the people must abandon the city of Itorunt through the north gate to warmer lands. The soldiers are recovering from the past battle but still they must continue to protect the civilian’s caravan, only a handful of them remains, many left wounded, and others leave to escort the caravan of people. Still the city will not be empty in about two days, time they don’t have.
Today’s weather is worse, besides being colder than previous days, and having a snowfall, there is a strong breeze making everyone unable to see even at mere ten meters. The south gate is being repaired, since is dangerous to seek trees outside they are dismantling houses and using the wood for the gate.
At this point the soldiers are not wearing any heavy or metal reinforced armor; they are wearing fur clothes to warm themselves, with the help of various campfires, especially near the south wall where the Snow Trolls have been attacking. The only noble unit remaining in the city is the Black Riders they vowed to defend the city until the last man.
Captain Eugen: Move those legs! We must keep the horses warm.
Soldier: excuse me captain, but we can’t repair the gates beyond this point, any further improvement will require the Duke assistance.
Captain Eugen: If civil work is not useful anymore, let’s do some training, we must warm up and be more agile, remember we are not wearing any armor so we can’t take hits.
Soldier: this…this must be a punishment from the Titans!
Captain Eugen: what are you talking about soldier? There is no such thing as a Titan. The GODs are the one behind all this.
Suddenly loud noises started to be heard from outside of the wall, like if it was hit by a battering ram, the snow storm is raging strong and the archer can’t see what is just outside. In that moment Tanya leaves her tent, and drawing her sword talk to the two men talking outside.
Tanya: it doesn't matter on what you believe, either Deities or Superstitions in the end that doesn’t really matter, the enemy is here and we must give these people hope to leave safely.
The gates have been overrun this time 48 Snow Trolls are inside the city crushing everything on their path with their big wooden logs, the soldiers can’t see far ahead, and when they see the trolls they are already too close to do something and the archers can’t aim well, all this due to the strong winds.
Captain Eugen: My lady we can’t even charge here we need more space for momentum and the militia is being overrun.
Tanya: Everybody move to the center of the city, we rally there. Carry the wounded on the Cavalry!
Captain Eugen: My Lady there is no time, we can’t save everyone, and the wounded has to be left behind…
Tanya thinks for a while that seems like an eternity, then she turn around with her horse and start to move.
Tanya: FINE! But we have to move now.
They manage to get to the center of the city, the same place where the people are gathering to emigrate to the north, the militia start to garrison the center square facing to the south road, meanwhile the city is in chaos, the Trolls are killing all men on their path while they take the women back to their plains.
The black guards are 100 meters north of the barricade to charge at the Snow Trolls when the time is due they can’t see but they hope to be lucky ; many people left the square ad forget the caravan to move to their houses, others improvised weapons to fight with the militia.
The enemy approaches hitting everything on the south road creating loud noises on their path, they can’t be seen yet but the archers open fire in their direction, they hardly hit the Trolls the snow storm is strong that looks like a frozen hell.
The archers abandon their bows and unsheathe their swords the noise is closer, the troll begun to throw rocks and logs from the building to hit the barricade and some soldiers behind at the same time they were rushing to it.
The barricade for the Trolls was like a sand castle for the sea waves, they would be been good to stop the movement of a couple of bandits or a small unit, but not those Ice Warriors, the battle rages fiercely the militia is being overpowered. Tanya looks to the captain of her unit and he makes a “no yet” signal to her, the peasant who formed armed groups begin to fight as well making the battlefield sound more louds.
Captain Eugen: Now is the time my lady! We charge past then and keep going and turn back then repeat.
Tanya. CHAAAAARGE!
Battlemaster site.
Friday, March 14, 2014
Monday, March 3, 2014
Dave Cameron's Aide on Child Internet Policy Arrested for Child Pornography
aid arrested on child pornography : police test 62 - year-old Cameron was on the Web filters and has been tipped for peerage
Patrick Rock was one of the closest collaborators of David Cameron
The 62-year -old was involved in the development of the policy of child pornography
But he left after the allegations against him were revealed
Aristocrat single was tipped to the peerage , a few weeks ago
By JAMES CHAPMAN
POSTED : 5:46 p.m. EST , March 3, 2014 | Updated: 6:20 p.m. EST , March 3, 2014
2,898 shares
Patrick Rock, a key advisor to the Prime Minister , was arrested on suspicion of child pornography offenses 5
Patrick Rock, a key advisor to the Prime Minister , was arrested on suspicion of child pornography offenses
One of the closest collaborators of David Cameron has resigned after being arrested on allegations of child pornography.
Patrick Rock has been closely involved in the government's policy on Internet porn filters .
He left after the Prime Minister learned that he was the center of a police investigation of images of child abuse .
Detectives from the National Crime Agency consulted No. 10 and studied computer systems and offices used by Mr. Rock , deputy director of the unity of the Downing Street policy .
Mr. Rock was a protégé of Margaret Thatcher, and has held several management positions within the Conservative Party. It was close to Mr Cameron for many years .
Described as political fixer Prime Minister " had the single 62, has been tipped as a leading contender for a Conservative peerage only a few weeks ago .
His arrest and resignation of Downing Street, where he worked since 2011 , will send shock waves through the high command of the party. The Prime Minister said he was " very shocked" .
A friend told me: " It has long been known Patrick and never expected something like this."
Mr. Rock was arrested last month after officials at No. 10 was made aware of a "potential for abuse offense imaging children," the spokesman for Mr Cameron told the Daily Mail.
A well-placed source said Roche is also the subject of a sexual harassment complaint by a public servant who works in Downing Street, which is known to have been transmitted to the head of Mr. Cameron Ed Llewellyn staff .
" There were allegations against him , there will be a formal process. This upset some people at # 10 , "said the source.
Mr Cameron relationship with Mr. Roche dates back to the Interior Ministry , where they both worked under Michael Howard in the 1990s .
More ...
Boy , 12, who raped his sister , 7, after the consumption of pornography on an Xbox escapes from court
Prince Harry, David Cameron and Idris Elba tray Nelson Mandela memorial service at Westminster Abbey
Boris Johnson, said he will not become a member until 2015 rejecting the Conservative plan to tie the results of a general election
Conservatives " crazy to replace Boris : President Grant Shapps party says the mayor of London should play a key role in the general election
Mr. Rock, who has repeatedly tried to become a Member of Parliament , Westminster known for coining the term " Cows moo , dogs bark , Labour introduced taxes" used by the Conservatives in the 1970s .
The Prime Minister has returned to Downing Street in 2011, a move welcomed by critics as heralding the return of a " grown up " at the center of government.
No unit 10 in politics, he took a special responsibility for problems internal affairs, and was also involved in the preparation of government measures against Internet pornography and child abuse imagery .
Close aid arrested : Prime Minister David Cameron leaves 10 Downing Street 5
Close aid arrested : Prime Minister David Cameron leaves 10 Downing Street
Prime Minister David Cameron and his chief of staff Ed Llewellyn ( above) , which was made aware of a sexual harassment complaint filed against Mr. Rock 5
Prime Minister David Cameron and his chief of staff Ed Llewellyn ( above) , which was made aware of a sexual harassment complaint filed against Mr. Rock
Google and other search engines have made changes that prevent corrupted pictures of them be included in the results of more than 100,000 research under government pressure 5
Google and other search engines have made changes that prevent corrupted pictures of them be included in the results of more than 100,000 research under government pressure
In a crusade led by the Prime Minister at Downing Street negotiated an agreement with Internet companies, which means that all 20million homes connected to the Internet were contacted and asked if they want the family filter installed.
Downing Street also persuaded Google and other search engines to implement changes that will prevent corrupt they are included in the results of more than 100,000 research images.
Downing Street confirmed that Mr. Rock , who lives in west London , had been involved in politics.
"The Prime Minister believes that the imagery of child abuse is abhorrent and anyone involved with it must be properly dealt with under the law. "
Spokesman for Downing Street
Patrick Roche is one of a number of councilors and officials on this issue - but the work was done by another , and the decisions taken by ministers , "said a spokesman .
" On the evening of February 12 , Downing Street are aware of a potential criminal offense related to imaging of child abuse . , He was immediately returned to the National Agency of crime.
"The prime minister was immediately informed and updated throughout. Patrick Rock was arrested at his home in the early hours of Feb. 13 hours after Downing Street had reported the matter .
"Subsequently , we organized for staff to come in 10 and have access to all computer systems and offices, they are considered relevant.
" This is an ongoing investigation , so it would be inappropriate to comment further , but the Prime Minister considers that the imagery of child abuse is abhorrent and anyone involved with it must be properly dealt with under the law. "
The spokesman rejected suggestions that colleagues in No. 10 were told Mr. Rock was "sick" , but only the Prime Minister and a handful of his most senior officials appear to have been informed of the reasons for his absence.
Downing Street refused to comment on the allegations of sexual harassment but insisted . " All complaints are treated seriously and dealt with appropriately "
A pillar of the conservative establishment
Oxford graduate Patrick Rocher comes from a noble background 5
Oxford graduate Patrick Rocher comes from a noble background
By Tom Kelly and JAMES CHAPMAN
Born Robert John Patrick Rock the Besombes for a family of European aristocracy , he worked for major conservative for four decades.
But despite his impeccable social and political contacts , the Rock Oxford-trained repeatedly failed in his ambition to become a Conservative MP , despite being selected to fight safe seats .
Rock , 62, single, lives in an apartment at £ 500,000 Parsons Green, West London. He was born in Kensington in 1951 , a year after the marriage of his mother Gertrude and father Egyptian origin Robert John Rock the Besombes .
Her grandmother was a Aigneaux D ', a family of the French nobility who was born in Normandy and has a coat of arms.
As a teenager , Rock shipped to the elite Jesuit Stonyhurst College in Lancashire , earning a scholarship to Worcester College , Oxford, where he studied history.
After graduation, he worked as political secretary to Margaret Thatcher 's correspondence from the Office of the Prime Minister and also CEO of Retail Consortium .
It is not clear when he shortened his name to common Patrick Rock, but he used while fighting against the Woolwich East selection in 1979 , aged 28 , as he lost despite rising conservative vote .
After losing Crewe and Nantwich election in 1983, he was elected in an election to defend the seemingly impregnable safe seat for Portsmouth South in 1984 , which had a Conservative majority of over 12,000 .
Portsmouth News described as " protected Thatcher who had been chosen by Downing Street to challenge the seat in front of the most impressive local candidates.
During the campaign, he was described as " friendly and energetic, but a little wet behind the ears." His campaign ended disastrously after talking on TV about a hospital that was not in the district.
Rock was unmoved , said at a public meeting that he was " absolutely certain" that he would win the seat, predicted work would finish second and SDP Liberal Alliance third runway .
But after a 14 per cent swing against him, he was defeated by the Alliance Mike Hancock in what has been called "the greatest sorry choice for years " and a " big surprise " Mrs Thatcher.
Newspaper articles have described the rock defeated pale leaves counter " shock .
He blamed the defeat too many conservatives who live at home and Mrs Thatcher called him the next morning to ensure his defeat was not his fault. The following year he was appointed to head the Conservative Research.
He then worked as a special advisor to the Minister of the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of the Interior, where he met David Cameron. The couple is known to have said they repaired the two presidents pub the day of the death in 1994 of Labour leader John Smith, where they agreed Tony Blair will take over , leaving their party "f ***** " .
Roche tried again became an MP in 1990 , asking for safe Conservative seat of Devizes , but failed to get elected.
He has also worked in Brussels EU Commissioner Chris Patten , in charge of the Western Balkans, before becoming a political adviser in Downing Street.
His colleagues describe him as "abrasive " and " a commentator rather a man of action . " Another said his arrest in abuse images of children was a " big shock " .
Patrick Rock was one of the closest collaborators of David Cameron
The 62-year -old was involved in the development of the policy of child pornography
But he left after the allegations against him were revealed
Aristocrat single was tipped to the peerage , a few weeks ago
By JAMES CHAPMAN
POSTED : 5:46 p.m. EST , March 3, 2014 | Updated: 6:20 p.m. EST , March 3, 2014
2,898 shares
Patrick Rock, a key advisor to the Prime Minister , was arrested on suspicion of child pornography offenses 5
Patrick Rock, a key advisor to the Prime Minister , was arrested on suspicion of child pornography offenses
One of the closest collaborators of David Cameron has resigned after being arrested on allegations of child pornography.
Patrick Rock has been closely involved in the government's policy on Internet porn filters .
He left after the Prime Minister learned that he was the center of a police investigation of images of child abuse .
Detectives from the National Crime Agency consulted No. 10 and studied computer systems and offices used by Mr. Rock , deputy director of the unity of the Downing Street policy .
Mr. Rock was a protégé of Margaret Thatcher, and has held several management positions within the Conservative Party. It was close to Mr Cameron for many years .
Described as political fixer Prime Minister " had the single 62, has been tipped as a leading contender for a Conservative peerage only a few weeks ago .
His arrest and resignation of Downing Street, where he worked since 2011 , will send shock waves through the high command of the party. The Prime Minister said he was " very shocked" .
A friend told me: " It has long been known Patrick and never expected something like this."
Mr. Rock was arrested last month after officials at No. 10 was made aware of a "potential for abuse offense imaging children," the spokesman for Mr Cameron told the Daily Mail.
A well-placed source said Roche is also the subject of a sexual harassment complaint by a public servant who works in Downing Street, which is known to have been transmitted to the head of Mr. Cameron Ed Llewellyn staff .
" There were allegations against him , there will be a formal process. This upset some people at # 10 , "said the source.
Mr Cameron relationship with Mr. Roche dates back to the Interior Ministry , where they both worked under Michael Howard in the 1990s .
More ...
Boy , 12, who raped his sister , 7, after the consumption of pornography on an Xbox escapes from court
Prince Harry, David Cameron and Idris Elba tray Nelson Mandela memorial service at Westminster Abbey
Boris Johnson, said he will not become a member until 2015 rejecting the Conservative plan to tie the results of a general election
Conservatives " crazy to replace Boris : President Grant Shapps party says the mayor of London should play a key role in the general election
Mr. Rock, who has repeatedly tried to become a Member of Parliament , Westminster known for coining the term " Cows moo , dogs bark , Labour introduced taxes" used by the Conservatives in the 1970s .
The Prime Minister has returned to Downing Street in 2011, a move welcomed by critics as heralding the return of a " grown up " at the center of government.
No unit 10 in politics, he took a special responsibility for problems internal affairs, and was also involved in the preparation of government measures against Internet pornography and child abuse imagery .
Close aid arrested : Prime Minister David Cameron leaves 10 Downing Street 5
Close aid arrested : Prime Minister David Cameron leaves 10 Downing Street
Prime Minister David Cameron and his chief of staff Ed Llewellyn ( above) , which was made aware of a sexual harassment complaint filed against Mr. Rock 5
Prime Minister David Cameron and his chief of staff Ed Llewellyn ( above) , which was made aware of a sexual harassment complaint filed against Mr. Rock
Google and other search engines have made changes that prevent corrupted pictures of them be included in the results of more than 100,000 research under government pressure 5
Google and other search engines have made changes that prevent corrupted pictures of them be included in the results of more than 100,000 research under government pressure
In a crusade led by the Prime Minister at Downing Street negotiated an agreement with Internet companies, which means that all 20million homes connected to the Internet were contacted and asked if they want the family filter installed.
Downing Street also persuaded Google and other search engines to implement changes that will prevent corrupt they are included in the results of more than 100,000 research images.
Downing Street confirmed that Mr. Rock , who lives in west London , had been involved in politics.
"The Prime Minister believes that the imagery of child abuse is abhorrent and anyone involved with it must be properly dealt with under the law. "
Spokesman for Downing Street
Patrick Roche is one of a number of councilors and officials on this issue - but the work was done by another , and the decisions taken by ministers , "said a spokesman .
" On the evening of February 12 , Downing Street are aware of a potential criminal offense related to imaging of child abuse . , He was immediately returned to the National Agency of crime.
"The prime minister was immediately informed and updated throughout. Patrick Rock was arrested at his home in the early hours of Feb. 13 hours after Downing Street had reported the matter .
"Subsequently , we organized for staff to come in 10 and have access to all computer systems and offices, they are considered relevant.
" This is an ongoing investigation , so it would be inappropriate to comment further , but the Prime Minister considers that the imagery of child abuse is abhorrent and anyone involved with it must be properly dealt with under the law. "
The spokesman rejected suggestions that colleagues in No. 10 were told Mr. Rock was "sick" , but only the Prime Minister and a handful of his most senior officials appear to have been informed of the reasons for his absence.
Downing Street refused to comment on the allegations of sexual harassment but insisted . " All complaints are treated seriously and dealt with appropriately "
A pillar of the conservative establishment
Oxford graduate Patrick Rocher comes from a noble background 5
Oxford graduate Patrick Rocher comes from a noble background
By Tom Kelly and JAMES CHAPMAN
Born Robert John Patrick Rock the Besombes for a family of European aristocracy , he worked for major conservative for four decades.
But despite his impeccable social and political contacts , the Rock Oxford-trained repeatedly failed in his ambition to become a Conservative MP , despite being selected to fight safe seats .
Rock , 62, single, lives in an apartment at £ 500,000 Parsons Green, West London. He was born in Kensington in 1951 , a year after the marriage of his mother Gertrude and father Egyptian origin Robert John Rock the Besombes .
Her grandmother was a Aigneaux D ', a family of the French nobility who was born in Normandy and has a coat of arms.
As a teenager , Rock shipped to the elite Jesuit Stonyhurst College in Lancashire , earning a scholarship to Worcester College , Oxford, where he studied history.
After graduation, he worked as political secretary to Margaret Thatcher 's correspondence from the Office of the Prime Minister and also CEO of Retail Consortium .
It is not clear when he shortened his name to common Patrick Rock, but he used while fighting against the Woolwich East selection in 1979 , aged 28 , as he lost despite rising conservative vote .
After losing Crewe and Nantwich election in 1983, he was elected in an election to defend the seemingly impregnable safe seat for Portsmouth South in 1984 , which had a Conservative majority of over 12,000 .
Portsmouth News described as " protected Thatcher who had been chosen by Downing Street to challenge the seat in front of the most impressive local candidates.
During the campaign, he was described as " friendly and energetic, but a little wet behind the ears." His campaign ended disastrously after talking on TV about a hospital that was not in the district.
Rock was unmoved , said at a public meeting that he was " absolutely certain" that he would win the seat, predicted work would finish second and SDP Liberal Alliance third runway .
But after a 14 per cent swing against him, he was defeated by the Alliance Mike Hancock in what has been called "the greatest sorry choice for years " and a " big surprise " Mrs Thatcher.
Newspaper articles have described the rock defeated pale leaves counter " shock .
He blamed the defeat too many conservatives who live at home and Mrs Thatcher called him the next morning to ensure his defeat was not his fault. The following year he was appointed to head the Conservative Research.
He then worked as a special advisor to the Minister of the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of the Interior, where he met David Cameron. The couple is known to have said they repaired the two presidents pub the day of the death in 1994 of Labour leader John Smith, where they agreed Tony Blair will take over , leaving their party "f ***** " .
Roche tried again became an MP in 1990 , asking for safe Conservative seat of Devizes , but failed to get elected.
He has also worked in Brussels EU Commissioner Chris Patten , in charge of the Western Balkans, before becoming a political adviser in Downing Street.
His colleagues describe him as "abrasive " and " a commentator rather a man of action . " Another said his arrest in abuse images of children was a " big shock " .
Saturday, March 1, 2014
Friday, February 28, 2014
What is personification?
Personification is giving human characteristics to something that is not at all human. In a story or poem, the author might use a phrase like "The trees were whispering in the forest." Trees cannot speak, so they cannot whisper, but we get the idea of what that atmosphere was like.
Dave and Busters
Going to D&B later with a group of friends for a birthday, should be fun. For those that don't know, Dave and Busters is a bar and grill for adults, that also happens to have tons of arcade games and prizes, Chuck-E-Cheese style.
Medicinal Marijuana
The legalization of marijuana for medicinal use as recommended by a licensed physician
is a highly controversial issue. Under the Compassionate Use Act of 1996, California
became the first state to legalize marijuana for medicinal use. Unfortunately for the
beneficiaries of this act, federal law states that marijuana is a Schedule I drug under the
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act. Under this act, there are five
such schedules classifying different drugs, both legal and illegal, based on potential
for abuse, accepted medicinal use, accepted safety for use in medical treatment when
supervised by a licensed physician.(AP) To be placed as a Schedule I drug "the drug or
other substance has a high potential for abuse, has no currently accepted medical use
in treatment in the United States, and a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or
other substance under medical supervision"(Authority and criteria for classification of
substances).
A drug can be moved, added or removed from any schedule in which it is placed if
and when there is scientific evidence showing medicinal usability. Said changes to
the schedules can be initiated by the Attorney General, Administrator of the DEA, the
Secretary of Health and Human Services, or by the petitioning of any interested party,
including pharmaceutical companies and private citizens.
The first step taken by the United States to criminalize marijuana was the Marijuana
Tax Act of 1937. This act did not directly criminalize the drug, but instead, imposed
a one dollar tax on commercially dealt marijuana. The penalty for not paying theses
taxes was up to two thousand dollars in fines and up to five years in prison. This act
made it too risky for anyone to deal this drug. In 1969 the Marijuana Tax Act was found
unconstitutional, on the grounds that anyone seeking a tax stamp would incriminate
themselves, thus violating the fifth amendment. Congresses response to this was the
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970. This was the first step
of Nixon's modern war on drugs.
In California, the Compassionate Use Act, or Proposition 215, was drafted to "ensure that
seriously ill Californians have the right to obtain and use marijuana for medical purposes
where that medical use is deemed appropriate and has been recommended by a physician
who has determined that the person's health would benefit from the use of marijuana in
the treatment of cancer, anorexia, AIDS, chronic pain, glaucoma, arthritis, migraine, or
any other illness for which marijuana provides relief"(The Compassionate Use Act of
1996). This law gave California physicians the right to prescribe marijuana to patients
to counteract nausea brought on by medications patients were already on and as a pain
killer. For patients such as Angel Raich, who has an inoperable brain tumor, wasting
syndrome, chronic pain disorders, scoliosis, nausea, and several other documented
medical problems, marijuana was literally a life saver. From 1996 to 1999, Ms. Raich
was confined to a wheelchair. She credits marijuana for allowing her to get out of the
wheelchair and restoring mobility to the right side of her body. Due to her allergies and
chemical sensitivities to almost all conventional pharmaceutical medications, treating
her ailments is almost impossible. Another patient prescribed medical marijuana was
Ms. Diane Monson. Medical marijuana completely eliminates the chronic back spasms
she has had for many years. She has tried many other prescription and non-prescription
medications but they left her feeling nauseous and groggy. Marijuana has neither of these
side effects.
On August 15, 2002, the county sheriffs and agents from the DEA raided Ms. Monson's
house. After thoroughly searching the house, the sheriffs decided that her 6 canibis plants
were completely legal. The DEA thought otherwise, and "after a 3-hour standoff, the
federal agents seized and destroyed" all of her plants(Stevens, 2). When taken to the
Supreme Court, the case no longer was about whether marijuana has medicinal value
and should be made available to those in need, but "whether Congress' power to regulate
interstate markets for medicinal substances encompasses the portions of those markets
that are supplied with drug provided and consumed locally"(Stevens,3). Their final
decision was that patients or caregivers who cultivate marijuana for medicinal use "can
only increase the supply of marijuana in the California market" and "that such production
will promptly terminate when patients recover or will precisely match the patients'
medical need" seems unlikely(Stevens, 10).
Fortunately for people like Ms. Raich and Ms. Monson, not everyone in government
feels this way. Justice O'Connor of the Supreme Court believes that one of the virtues of
federalism is "that it promotes innovation by allowing for the possibility that "a single
courageous state may, if it's citizens choose, serve as a laboratory; and try novel social
and economic experiments without risks to the rest of the country'"(O'Connor,1). The
Compassionate Use Act is a prime example of the a State serving as a laboratory. States
powers have always included the ability to determine what are criminal acts and protect
the welfare, heath, and safety of their citizens. In using those powers, California and
it's citizens have come to a decision regarding the question of whether marijuana can
effectively be used medically. Fortunately, "the Court's holding neither struck down
Proposition 215 nor demanded that California bring criminal charges against it's citizens
who were using marijuana on the advice of their physicians"(Cohen,1).
Marijuana has been used as a medicine since it was first discovered. In the 17th and
18th centuries, marijuana was prescribed for "a wide variety of conditions, including
depression, cough, jaundice, inflammation, tumors, arthritis, gout, venereal disease,
incontinence, cramps, insomnia, epilepsy, and asthma"(Gahlinger,34). Between 1839
and 1900, over 100 medical studies on marijuana and it's effects or uses were published
and before 1941, canibis and it's extracts were sold as medicines in powder, tablet, and
liquid forms. Only in 1941 was canibis and all of it's extracts removed from the U.S.
Pharmacopoeia and the National Formulary, which contains all the recognized standards
for medications.
One of the factors used in determining drug scheduling by the DEA is the risk to public
health. If a drug has been classified as a Schedule I narcotic, it generally poses a threat
to public safety. However, marijuana has not been found to have "any physical peril
for users of the drug"(Miller, 18). In fact, when you consider it's "'therapeutic ratio',
the difference between the size of the dose needed for the desired effect and the size
that produces poisoning", you will find that it has no known ratio as yet(Miller, 19).
For that matter, a congressionally mandated study done by a conservative commission
appointed by President Nixon recommended that "possession of marihuana for personal
use would no longer be an offense" and even that "casual distribution of small amounts
of marihuana for no remuneration, or insignificant remuneration not involving profit,
would no longer be an offense"(Trebach,105). Even clergy members support the medical
marijuana issue, stating that "'This is about compassion for people" and that they "feel
compelled to support doctors who want to use whatever tools necessary to ease the pain
of the extremely sick"(Huffstutter, 1).
California is not the only state to have medical marijuana laws on the books. In total,
there are 26 states with such laws still in effect dating as far back as 1978. Washington
D.C. even has a medical use law which reschedules marijuana to Schedule V when used
for medicinal purposes. Schedule V contains drugs, such as Robitussin A-C, that have
low potential for abuse and accepted medical use, but may lead to limited dependence.
Almost all of the states laws allow medicinal use for cancer patients and other life
threatening illnesses, but California is the only state that expressly allows cultivation by
the patient or caregivers for medical use. Counties may set the limit of plants and weight
of dried marijuana for medicinal use, but if there is no set limit, they use California
defaults of 6 mature or 12 immature plants and 8 ounces of dried marijuana. Some
counties, such as Del Norte, allow as much as 99 plants and 1 pound of dried cannabis.
Only Humboldt County has no limit on the amount plants one can possess.
Some groups, such as NORML, a non profit members group, support the legalization
of marijuana for recreational as well as medicinal use. They believe that marijuana
could be California's cash crop and they estimate it would raise $1.5-$2.5 billion
dollars in tax revenue while saving approximately $150 million in arrests, trials, and
incarceration costs. In fact, the Los Angels NORML director, Bruce Margolin, ran
for governor in the 2003 recall election. His campaign platform, decreasing our states
debt by taking "California's No.1cash crop off of the black market and tax the sale and
distribution of Marijuana in the state"(Bruce).
While most people may not support the legalization of marijuana for recreational use,
a poll taken in 2003 revealed that 75% of adults in the U.S. are in favor of medical
marijuana. However, even though most of the public supports medicinal use, most
government officials and some researchers do not believe that marijuana is a viable
medicine. In fact, Special Assistant David Murray thinks medicinal marijuana "is a patent
medicine of the 19th century hawked by carnival barkers" and "Not only is smoked
marijuana not an effective medicine, but it is addictive, carcinogenic, damages the body's
respiratory, immune and reproductive systems, affects short-term memory and ability to
learn and is a 'gateway' to harder narcotics use"(Marshall).
However, according to Dr. Leo Hollister, the evidence of damage to the immune and
reproductive systems are contradictory in nature and that the studies that were closest to
actual clinical conditions created less compelling evidence. The immune suppression idea
was first brought up by the notorious Dr. Gabriel Nahas, but researchers in the Regan
administration failed to find conclusive evidence of this theory. Government experts
also agree that marijuana causes no permanent damage to either the male or female
reproductive systems.
As for it being a gateway drug, there is no scientific evidence to support these claims.
Many cultures throughout Asia and Africa have been using marijuana religiously,
medically, and recreationally and they "show no propensity for other drugs"(California
NORML). This theory took hold in the sixties, when marijuana became the recreational
drug of choice, but was refuted in the eighties when cocaine took old of America
and marijuana use declined. However, there is evidence that shows in the absence of
marijuana a user is more likely to turn to a harder substance or alcohol to get high.
Further more, marijuana does not cause a physical dependence and there is still some
debate as to whether or not it causes psychological dependence.
As far a marijuana not being an effective medicine, if this is the case, why do so many
researchers, doctors, and cancer specialists believe it does? Marijuana is not prescribed as
an antibiotic or anything like that. It is prescribed to patients who are in to much pain or
to nauseous to eat or even function in day to day situations. Chemotherapy tends to leave
patients with both a throbbing pain and nausea.(CC) This will prevent them from eating
which causes their immune system to weaken even more. Marijuana allows patients to
feel hungry and eat without forcing themselves too. It eases some pain with out the side
effects or chemical dependency of most modern pharmaceutical pain killers. In fact,
some medicinal users claim that cannabis is a safe, cheap, and effective alternative to the
usually nauseating medications prescribed for their particular ailments.
The Food and Drug Administration has approved clinical trials of a drug called Sativex,
which s a liquid that combines two of the most therapeutic compounds in marijuana.
Sativex is the second marijuana derived pharmaceutical drug created and tested by the
FDA. These drugs are to be used the same way medical marijuana is, however, they
supposedly limit the dangerous effects of canibis, those of getting high and smoking.
However, some are not convinced "that the therapeutic benefits of cannabis can always
be separated from its psychoactive effects"(Grinspoon). Many patients speak of feeling
better after they get high. If marijuana contributes to this mood elevation, should that
be taken away from a patient that is probably in need of it? For those who are worried
about the toxins that come with smoking, they can use a vaporizer, which frees the
cannabinoids from the plant without burning it or producing smoke.(AC)
Some feel that one day, cannabis will be seen as a wonder drug, just as penicillin was in
the 1940's. Just like penicillin, marijuana is nontoxic, has a wide range of uses, and would
be remarkably inexpensive if legalized. Even good quality, although illegal, marijuana
is cheaper than the synthetic versions the FDA is trying to pass. The only bonus to drugs
like Sativex over marijuana is that Sativex is completely legal.
The claim that Sativex doesn't cause intoxication, a main goal of the FDA, hinges on the
idea that patients will stick with the recommended dosage. The down side of this is that,
while marijuana takes effect almost immediately, Sativex does not, though it is much
more efficient than it's counter part, Marinol. In effect, Sativex could get a patient high if
they took more than the recommended dosage, just as cough syrup can get one drunk, if
more than the recommended dosage is ingested.
What all this seems to boil down to is an issue of when. Most of the adults in the U.S.
seem to agree with the legalization of marijuana, if not entirely, at least for medicinal
purposes. Most agree that it has therapeutic qualities and can be a life saver in the case of
AIDS and cancer patients, as well as treat a multitude of other symptoms. The only real
opposition seems to come from government officials. If medical marijuana were made
legal, it could increase tax revenues and the quality of life of many infirmed patients.(SB)
It made completely legal, and properly regulated, it could be a tremendous cash crop
for California, if not the whole U.S. and generate billions of dollars in revenue, which
would remove a lot of the debt that looms over this country like a storm cloud. Most of
the reasons for it being illegal are unfounded and even government appointed research
has recommended that possession not be a criminal offense. Many countries around the
world have loose if any marijuana laws and crime is no more rampant, psychosis no more
prevalent, than here. If it works for countries less powerful or developed than the U.S.
why can it not work here? Is America so much better than these countries that we must
force our infirmed to suffer unnecessarily? Why must we deny a cheap and effective
source of relief to those so desperately in need of a quality of life change? Our strict laws
turn dying, pain riddled patients into criminals or force them to a life of side effects, if
they can even take the prescribed medications.(VP) There is something seriously wrong
with a country that would deny relief to those in pain, an appetite to those to nauseas to
eat.
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